International Journal of Social Sciences Research
International Journal of Social Sciences Research (IJSSR) is a quarterly, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed research journal committed to advancing scholarly work in humanities and social sciences. The journal welcomes high-quality submissions across all domains of humanities and social sciences, with a focus on disseminating original, rigorous, and impactful research that contributes meaningfully to these interdisciplinary fields. All manuscripts are evaluated based on originality, technical depth, and significance of contribution. The journal follows a double-blind peer-review process, which is undertaken within one (01) month of submission. Authors are formally notified of editorial decisions, accompanied by constructive and timely feedback, ensuring a transparent, efficient, and academically rigorous publication workflow. IJSSR is published under the auspices of the Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited, a duly incorporated legal entity registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration No. 0306665.
Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited
CHINA AND TRUMP’S TRADE ESCALATION: EVALUATING RETALIATION, STRATEGIC ADAPTATION, AND COOPERATIVE PATHWAYS
This study explores China’s strategic response to the renewed U.S.–China trade war under Donald Trump’s second term, analyzing whether Beijing pursued retaliation, adaptation, or cooperation. It examines the economic, diplomatic, and technological measures China adopted to counter U.S. tariffs and sanctions, alongside the broader geopolitical implications. Employing a qualitative research design, the study analyzes primary sources—including official Chinese statements, policy documents, and trade data—along with secondary materials such as expert analyses and scholarly publications. Thematic analysis reveals that while China responded with counter-tariffs and diplomatic opposition, it simultaneously adapted by diversifying trade networks, strengthening domestic industries, and expanding its global reach through initiatives like the Belt and Road. Moreover, selective cooperation persisted in areas such as climate change and global health. The findings suggest that sustainable U.S.–China relations will require a balanced strategy—combining competition management with constructive engagement. This research contributes to understanding evolving trade dynamics and shifting global power relations.
DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE: ADVOCACY RHETORIC AND ECOLOGICAL NARRATIVES ON SOCIAL MEDIA
This study explores how ecological narratives and advocacy rhetoric function as influential linguistic tools on social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram to promote environmental awareness and activism. Employing a qualitative design, it analyzes nine selected posts from three environmental campaigns using Fairclough’s critical discourse framework. The analysis uncovers how rhetorical and narrative strategies communicate ecological issues, shape public perceptions, and inspire environmental action. The findings highlight the pivotal role of language in constructing persuasive ecological discourses that foster environmental consciousness and support sustainability initiatives.
DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL STABILITY IN MICROFINANCE BANKS: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN
Introduction: Pakistan’s microfinance sector—comprising six banks, thirteen MFIs, and five rural support programs—serves over 12 million borrowers. As a key tool for poverty alleviation, microfinance supports low-income communities, especially in rural areas. This study explores factors influencing the financial sustainability of microfinance banks to guide policymakers in promoting sustainable and inclusive growth. Objective: To assess the relationship between institutional factors and the financial stability of microfinance banks in Pakistan, with implications for poverty reduction and economic development. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional analysis was conducted using secondary data (2018–2023) from financial statements of microfinance banks. Independent variables—size, age, efficiency, outreach, capital, leverage, and credit risk—were tested against financial sustainability. Results: Institutional age, efficiency, and leverage significantly enhance financial sustainability, while size, capital, and credit risk show limited impact. Conclusion: Institutional maturity, operational efficiency, and effective leverage are key to sustaining financial stability in Pakistan’s microfinance sector. Further research with larger datasets is recommended.
INVESTIGATING THE PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUEL PRICE VOLATILITY AND SECTORAL STOCK RETURNS IN PAKISTAN
Introduction: Fuel price volatility significantly influences Pakistan’s economic activity by affecting production and transportation costs, which in turn impact stock market performance. However, limited research has explored the predictive role of fuel price fluctuations on sectoral stock returns. This study examines how fuel price volatility relates to stock returns in the transportation, manufacturing, and energy sectors listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Objective: The study aims to evaluate the predictive power of fuel price volatility on sectoral stock returns and identify which industries are most affected. The findings provide insights for investors, policymakers, and firms in managing fuel-related risks. Methodology: Using a quantitative research design, secondary data from 2015–2024 were analyzed. Monthly stock prices from PSX-listed firms and bi-monthly petrol and diesel prices were examined using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression models, and ANOVA tests to determine sectoral responses to fuel price changes. Results: Fuel price volatility strongly influences the transportation and energy sectors, while effects on manufacturing are mixed. The shipping and logistics subsector shows the highest sensitivity, whereas cement and fertilizer industries exhibit weaker performance. Regression results indicate that fuel price fluctuations explain only a small portion (1.7%–6.2%) of stock return variations, suggesting other macroeconomic factors play a key role. Conclusion: Fuel price volatility significantly affects stock returns in Pakistan, particularly in the transportation and energy sectors. Investors should monitor fuel trends in portfolio strategies, policymakers should promote price stability and alternative energy sources, and firms should adopt hedging and efficiency measures to mitigate risks.
REVISITING TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE IN BANKING: AN EXTENDED UTAUT2 FRAMEWORK WITH TRUST AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
This study extends the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model by integrating the constructs of trust and regulatory compliance to examine technology acceptance in Karachi’s banking sector. The research explores the key challenges encountered during the early stages of banking technology development and identifies the underlying factors influencing these challenges. Furthermore, it assesses how artificial intelligence (AI)-driven features are implemented within digital banking systems and the organizational changes required to support this transition. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing an online survey distributed among 150 human resource professionals from the banking industry in Karachi. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS, enabling structural esearch of relationships between the proposed variables. The findings emphasize that trust and adherence to regulatory frameworks play pivotal roles in shaping user acceptance and facilitating successful technology implementation. By recognizing environmental, organizational, and behavioral dynamics, the study provides actionable insights for developing effective strategies that enhance digital transformation and operational efficiency in the banking sector.
CULTURAL DIASPORA IN AMERICAN FEVER BY DUR E AZIZ AMNA
This study explores the representation of cultural diaspora in Dur-E-Aziz Amna’s novel American Fever. It examines how diasporic communities revive and maintain their culture amid migration, focusing on diasporic themes such as exile, displacement, identity crisis, nostalgia, trauma, and language diversity. The study also applies postcolonial concepts like hybridity, mimicry, and the “third space” to analyze the psychological struggles and adaptation of migrants. The novel follows Hira, a Pakistani student in America, who navigates cultural conflicts while preserving her Islamic and Pakistani identity. Reflecting the author’s own migration experience, the study highlights the complexities of cultural adaptation, alienation, and the ongoing negotiation of identity within the diasporic and postcolonial framework.
FOSTERING AUTHENTIC FOLLOWERSHIP THROUGH MINDFULNESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL: LESSONS FROM AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP
This study examines the impact of authentic leadership on authentic followership, with mindfulness as a mediator and psychological capital as a moderator. Using data from 252 employees collected via convenience sampling and standardized questionnaires, statistical analyses (regression, correlation, and reliability tests) were conducted. Results show a significant positive relationship between authentic leadership and authentic followership. Mindfulness was found to mediate this relationship, while the moderating role of psychological capital between mindfulness and authentic leadership was only partially supported. The study suggests that leaders may need additional strategies to strengthen the positive influence of psychological capital on mindfulness in real-time interactions
Hegemony, decline, emerging, global power, economies
RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT: GEOPOLITICAL SHIFTS AND WESTERN DECLINE
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has become a defining geopolitical crisis with global repercussions. It highlights the deepening rift between the West—led by the U.S. and EU—and an increasingly assertive Russia, signaling a broader shift in the global balance of power. The war marks a decline in Western hegemony and the rising influence of emerging powers such as China, India, and Brazil in diplomatic, economic, and security arenas. It has also elevated the importance of energy security, technological warfare, and international institutions. This article explores the conflict’s impact on international relations, the role of emerging powers, and the evolving global power structure
EFFECT OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
This study examines the decline of Western hegemony and the rise of emerging powers amid shifting global power dynamics. It analyzes key drivers behind the West’s relative decline—such as the 2008 financial crisis, deindustrialization, and the ascent of economies like China and India—and explores how these trends are reshaping global governance, security, and economic stability. Using qualitative analysis grounded in historical trends, economic data, and geopolitical case studies, the research highlights a transition toward multipolarity, with assertive roles from China and Russia. The study argues that to remain influential, Western powers must embrace cooperative frameworks, reform international institutions, and promote multilateralism and innovation to adapt to the evolving global order.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS AS A LANGUAGE LEARNING AID FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS
This study explores the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools—such as language learning apps, chatbots, and speech recognition systems—in enhancing second language (L2) acquisition. Focusing on key benefits like personalized learning, real-time feedback, and increased accessibility, the research also considers challenges such as reduced human interaction and over-reliance on technology. Survey and experimental data from L2 learners show significant improvement in vocabulary retention, pronunciation, and conversational skills. The findings support the integration of AI as a complementary method alongside traditional language instruction, offering a flexible and engaging learning experience for diverse learners
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS OF SMOKING AMONG YOUNG MALE STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY APPROACH
This study investigates the socio-economic factors driving smoking among young male students in Pakistan. Key influences identified include residency, family smoking behavior, and peer relationships. Students living in hostels are more likely to smoke due to peer pressure and lenient social norms, while those with smoking family members are at higher risk of adopting the habit. Social interactions with smoker friends further increase this likelihood. In contrast, participation in extracurricular activities and engagement in productive routines help reduce smoking behavior. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions addressing these socio-economic drivers to curb smoking among male students.
UNDERSTANDING UNSPECIFIED MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: A CASE STUDY ON DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT
This qualitative case study explores the diagnosis, assessment, and management of an 18-year-old male laborer diagnosed with Unspecified Depressive Disorder with mild anxious distress. Through thematic analysis, the study highlights the patient’s experiences, family perspectives, and the impact of external factors such as peer pressure, substance abuse, and emotional distress on depression onset. The therapeutic intervention combined psychoeducation, behavioral activation, and cognitive behavioral therapy, emphasizing early intervention and family involvement. The study advocates for a personalized, holistic approach addressing biological, psychological, and social factors to improve mental health outcomes in adolescents with depression.
IMPACT OF RELIGIOSITY AND BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE
This study explores how religiosity and the Big Five personality traits affect the quality of life (QoL) among university students in Pakistan, comparing those from Islamabad and Parachinar. Findings show religiosity, especially intrinsic religiosity, positively influences psychological resilience and life satisfaction. Among personality traits, extraversion and agreeableness are linked to higher QoL, while neuroticism negatively impacts it. Significant differences emerged between students from metropolitan Islamabad and conflict-affected Parachinar, with Islamabad students reporting better QoL, likely due to greater access to resources. The study highlights the importance of socio-cultural context and offers insights for policymakers and educators to enhance student well-being.
CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE ESL TEACHING: MEETING THE DIVERSE NEEDS OF ELEMENTARY LEARNERS
This study examines vocabulary acquisition strategies among elementary ESL learners, drawing on cognitive and social constructivist theories. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through interviews with 20 students and 10 teachers, and surveys of 50 students. Findings reveal that learners employ diverse strategies such as memorization, repetition, mnemonics, and contextual inference. Teacher support, classroom environment, and sociocultural factors significantly influence strategy effectiveness. Although statistical analysis showed limited predictive power (F = 0.315, p = 0.972), the study highlights the complex interaction of cognitive and social elements in vocabulary learning. These insights inform educators and policymakers in designing tailored approaches to improve ESL vocabulary instruction at the elementary level.
WOMEN ON THE MARGINS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS DRIVING FEMALE CRIME IN KARACHI
This study explores socio-economic factors contributing to female criminality in Karachi, focusing on substance abuse, income stability, and arrest history. Highlighting the unique challenges faced by female prisoners, it aims to understand how these factors influence the nature of crimes committed. Using simple random sampling, the research provides insights into the often-overlooked experiences of women in the criminal justice system, offering a foundation for developing targeted interventions
MERGER OF FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS: TRACKING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REFORMS
This study examines the merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) following Pakistan’s 25th Constitutional Amendment. It analyzes the administrative and judicial reforms replacing the Frontier Crimes Regulations with the Interim Regulation Act 2018. Using qualitative methods and data from official documents and scholarly sources, the research highlights improvements in governance, legal structures, and socio-economic development, especially in resource management and infrastructure. However, challenges remain in fully implementing reforms. The study recommends ongoing institutional capacity building, economic development programs, and improved judicial access to ensure successful integration and sustainable progress in the region.
PERCEPTIONS, EXPERIENCES, AND COPING STRATEGIES OF WOMEN DIAGNOSED WITH INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS OF PREGNANCY
This qualitative study explores the perceptions, experiences, and coping strategies of women diagnosed with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP) in Pakistan. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 participants from public and private hospitals in Multan and DG Khan. Thematic analysis identified four key themes: disease perception, impact of the disease, coping mechanisms, and cultural beliefs. Findings reveal that ICP is often not recognized as a serious condition, especially in rural areas, yet it significantly affects patients’ psychological health. Women cope through religious faith, social, and family support, while superstitious beliefs about ICP persist in the community. These insights can guide healthcare providers in developing culturally sensitive treatment plans and support for pregnant women facing ICP.
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ENGLISH MORPHEMES
In today’s digital era, social media platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and Instagram have notably influenced English morphology. This study examines how these platforms drive the creation of new morphemes and alter traditional morphological processes such as derivation and inflection. Using a mixed-methods approach with purposive sampling, the research highlights social media’s role in shaping English morphological patterns in informal communication. Findings reveal that English on social media is highly adaptable and creative, with processes like abbreviation, acronym formation, and blending being particularly affected. The study concludes that social media acts as a powerful catalyst for morphological change, integrating novel morphemes into everyday language.
DEVELOPING A PEACE EDUCATION MODEL FOR TEACHER TRAINING IN PAKISTAN
This study proposes a context-specific model for integrating peace education into teacher education programs in Pakistan. Recognizing the vital role of education in peace-building, the model aims to equip pre-service teachers with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to promote tolerance, empathy, and conflict resolution. Using a qualitative approach, the research involved literature review, curriculum analysis, semi-structured interviews with teacher educators and pre-service teachers, classroom observations, and a survey of 100 participants from the University of Karachi and affiliated colleges. Thematic analysis informed the development of a model centered on four pillars: curriculum integration, transformative pedagogy, teacher training and professional development, and culturally sensitive strategies tailored to Pakistan’s socio-political context. The model emphasizes fostering intercultural understanding, social justice, and peace-building competencies. Findings contribute to the discourse on peace education in postcolonial, conflict-prone settings and offer practical recommendations for policymakers and teacher training institutions. Ultimately, the study seeks to empower future educators to create inclusive, non-violent learning environments, fostering broader societal harmony in Pakistan.
peace-building model, curriculum integration
MODI’S HINDUTVA POLICY: IMPACTS ON REGIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY
This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain among clinical physiotherapists in Lahore due to the physical demands of their profession; a cross-sectional design with 125 participants aged 25–40 was used, excluding those with prior joint surgeries, and data collected via the Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) were analyzed using SPSS v25, revealing a high prevalence of MSK pain—neck (28.8%), shoulders (20%), lower back (32%), knees (11.2%), upper back and feet (2.4%), elbows (1.6%), thighs (0.8%), wrists (0.6%)—highlighting the need for preventive and ergonomic interventions to reduce work-related MSK disorders.
XI JINPING’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND CHINA’S INFLUENCE ON GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: REGIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS
Since his 2013 election, President Xi Jinping has redefined China’s role in global politics through an expansive economic diplomacy focused on regional integration and building multilateral partnerships under the concepts of “shared destiny” and peaceful coexistence. Xi’s strategy emphasizes economic cooperation, development, and collective security, reflecting China’s core national interests and his vision for global leadership. However, these ambitions carry the risk of disrupting regional power dynamics and pose significant challenges to regional security.
SOCIETAL PRESSURE AND NON-BINARY IDENTITIES: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ADAM SILVERA’S THEY BOTH DIE AT THE END
This study critically examines Adam Silvera’s They Both Die at the End (2017), focusing on societal conformity and non-binary gender identities in the novel. Through character development, narrative structure, and thematic analysis, the paper explores how Silvera challenges traditional gender binaries and highlights societal pressures to conform. Using queer theory as a framework, the research illustrates how the novel reflects broader issues of identity, acceptance, and resistance within heteronormative cultures. Silvera’s work is positioned as both a reflection of contemporary attitudes toward gender and a catalyst for discussions on inclusivity and self-expression in a conformist society.